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**Revisions to PPP-based GDP across World Bank ICP rounds**

*Change in each economy’s GDP at PPP relative to the United States, in percent. Positive = economy looks larger.*

**A. Revision when a new ICP round arrives**

The new benchmark for the reference year compared with the World Bank’s estimate for that year in its last release before the round (extrapolated from the previous benchmark).

Sort**Economy****2005**

**2011†**

**2017**

**2021**

**Typical (RMS)**

**Largest**

**Exchange-rate swing‡**

**Ratio**



**Revision when the new ICP round arrived (%)**



**Size of revisions (%)**



**Comparison**



***Emerging markets***

China

−39.5



+20.7



−15.7



+4.7



23.8



39.5



7.4



**3.2×**



Thailand

−20.4



+43.1



−3.0



+7.4



24.2



43.1



8.1



**3.0×**



***Advanced economies***

Japan

−1.8



0.0



−2.8



0.0



1.6



2.8



14.2



**0.12×**



United Kingdom

−4.7



0.0



+1.3



0.0



2.5



4.7



9.7



**0.25×**



Switzerland

−1.8



0.0



+1.1



0.0



1.0



1.8



9.6



**0.11×**



Korea

−3.7



0.0



−0.7



0.0



1.9



3.7



8.5



**0.22×**







**B. Later revision of the published benchmark**

The benchmark figure as first published compared with the figure for the same year after the next ICP round, and in today’s data (WDI, July 2026).

Sort**Economy****At next round (ICP 2011)**

**Today**

**At next round (ICP 2017)**

**Today**

**Today (after ICP 2021)**

**Today**



**2005 benchmark**



**2011 benchmark**



**2017 benchmark**



**2021 benchmark**



***Emerging markets***

China

+20.5



+21.8



−0.5



−0.5



+3.6



0.0



Thailand

+42.9



+40.5



−0.1



−0.1



+3.7



0.0



***Advanced economies***

Japan

0.0



0.0



0.0



0.0



+0.3



−0.5



United Kingdom

0.0



−10.1



−1.1



−1.1



−0.4



−3.6



Switzerland

0.0



+3.3



+3.1



+3.1



−0.7



−1.0



Korea

0.0



0.0



0.0



0.0



−0.1



−0.3



Germany§

n/a



n/a



−0.6



−0.6



−0.3



−0.7







Notes: Revision = PPP\_before / PPP\_after − 1, holding GDP in local currency fixed; PPP = GDP PPP conversion factor (local currency per international $). Releases compared in panel A: Sep 2007 vs Apr 2014 (ICP 2005); Apr 2014 vs Jan 2015 (ICP 2011); Feb 2020 vs Dec 2020 (ICP 2017); Mar 2024 vs Jun 2024 (ICP 2021). Panel B: as-first-published values are taken from the Apr 2014 release for 2005 (still the ICP 2005 benchmark; China 3.448, matching the published 3.45), Jan 2015 for 2011, Dec 2020 for 2017 and Jun 2024 for 2021. UK 2005 “Today” (−10.1%) reflects a revision between the Jan 2015 and Feb 2020 releases.

Typical (RMS) = root mean square of the four revisions. Largest = largest absolute revision. On a log basis, China’s typical revision is 28% and 3.8× its exchange-rate swing.

† For OECD economies the 2011 figure is zero because their Eurostat–OECD 2011 benchmark PPPs were already in the World Bank’s April 2014 release, before ICP 2011 was published; these economies are re-benchmarked on a three-year cycle. Likewise, ICP 2021 left their 2021 figures unchanged; the small changes since then (panel B) come from later Eurostat–OECD updates.

‡ Exchange-rate swing = root mean square deviation of the log official exchange rate against the US dollar from a log-linear trend, 1999–2024 (World Bank WDI, PA.NUS.FCRF).

§ Germany appears in panel B only. It is not in the archive extract; its figures come from monthly copies of the WDI series in the datahub.io GitHub mirror (github.com/datasets/ppp), which match the archive to within 0.01% for the other economies. These copies start in 2015 and have a gap from Aug 2018 to May 2021, so Germany’s 2005, 2011 and 2017 ICP-round revisions cannot be measured; at the ICP 2021 release its PPP was unchanged (0.0%). Euro exchange-rate swing (1999–2024): 12.7%. 2011 first publication: Oct 2015 release. France, Italy, Spain: 0.0% at ICP 2021; later benchmark revisions −2.6% to +1.3%.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Database Archives (releases Sep 2007 – Jul 2026) and WDI copies in the datahub.io mirror (Oct 2015 – Apr 2026); author’s calculations.

\-- Sohaib Nasim, Oct. 19, 2026